Saturday, January 25, 2020

Goethes Magical Philosophy and Possession of Nature Essay -- Goethe

Goethe's Magical Philosophy and Possession of Nature After hearing comments from the class, and especially Professor, about Goethe's appropriation of nature I began to wonder about the argument I had presented in our presentation. I decided to do further research and found some interesting arguments that both supported and detracted from my original statement. Although I think Goethe's relationship to nature is undeniable, perhaps his "appropriation" of nature is less clear. I think the term "appropriation" is the cause of the problem in identifying his true relationship to nature. In our presentation we presented examples of the appropriation of nature through Romantic literature. The most direct example of this was in Anne's detailed description of English landscape gardening where nature was physically appropriated to create the picturesque. Here we can see the distinction between any concept of Goethe's appropriation of nature and the real and physical appropriation by English landscapers. The term appropriation denotes and connotes possession on the part of the appropriator. The question of possession therefore becomes central to an idea of Goethe's appropriation of nature. Indeed, the landowners of England commissioned landscape architects to transform their grounds into models of the picturesque and this process was demonstrative of an actual possession over the land. However, I find it difficult to reduce Goethe to materialism and believe that he would take a more engaged and emotional approach to nature. It is obvious that Goethe never actually appropriated any of nature, especially when compared with the English landscapers, but I'm not sure if this satisfies an understanding of his relationship to nature... ...n cooperation. It is also interesting how this problem expands into Goethe's Faust and Italian Journey and seems to be the basis of a greater theme in his literature. The question of Goethe's appropriation of nature could be whether he subscribes to a mechanical or magical philosophy in MacLennan's terms. Either master to nature or companion, Goethe's relationship with nature is dynamic and complex. Works Cited Brown, Jane K. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. http://worldroots.com/brigitte/goethe1.htm 19 Feb. 2005. Goethe, Johann. Italian Journey. London: Penguin Classics, 1962. MacLennan, Bruce. Introduction to 'Goethe, Faust, and Science' seminar. http://www.cs.utk.edu/~mclennan/Classes/UH348/Intro-IIC5.html 19 Feb. 2005. Seamon, David. "Goethe, Nature, and Phenomenology". http://www.arch.ksu.edu/seamon/book%20chapters/goethe_intro.htm 18 Feb. 2005.

Friday, January 17, 2020

Design of Drilling Fluid

Design of Drilling Fluid 1. Introduction: Boring fluid is the fluid used while boring oil and natural gas. Boring unstable design is a really of import portion of boring procedure. Boring fluid is the media between drill spot and the formation. The design of boring fluid is based on the chief maps of boring fluid and the demand of each particular good. Generally, boring fluid has three major maps. They are:Cools and lubricates the drill spot.Circulates the boring film editings back to the surface.Balances or overcomes formation force per unit areas in the well bore to minimise the hazard of well-control issues. [ 1 ]2. Boring unstable environmental considerations: The design of boring fluid should do boring fluid meets the specific demand of each well and besides should be the most cost-effective manner. The public presentation of boring fluid can impact the efficiency of boring. There are a few cardinal concerns of planing a boring fluid. Health and environmental concerns are one of the issues the interior decorator of boring fluid should see. The type of boring fluid may pollute the groundwater and the chemical composing can impact the wellness of the operators. Safety is ever the first consideration and if the operation affects the ecosystem, it will go harder to obtain authorities permission. So it is of import to do certain the fluid is safe and lasting plenty during the boring operation. As one of the major map of boring fluid, it is of import to calculate out the proper weight of the fluid. A proper weight of fluid has to be sufficient to forestall runaway and will non fracture the well. If the fluid is excessively heavy, it will fracture the well because the force per unit area of the fluid is relative to the denseness of fluid. On the other manus, light fluid can non equilibrate the force per unit area of formation. In the instance of high-temperature well, the boring fluid should be able to bear 275-300 Fahrenheit of high temperature. When the formation being drilled is wage zone, the boring fluid should non impact the permeableness of the formation. It should be a non-damaging fluid. Cost is ever a large concern for an applied scientist. Mud may represents 5 % to 15 % of boring cost but may do 100 % of boring jobs. [ 2 ] So a proper design of boring fluid is like a via media. It provides the maps every bit less as it can and the interior decorator should detect the possible hazard. 3. Boring fluids types: The basic types of boring fluid will assist us understand the design of boring fluid better.Water-based fluid.Drill-in fluid.Oil-based fluid.Synthetic-based boring fluid.Water-based fluid is less expensive than oil-based fluid and synthetic-based boring fluid. It is widely used to bore 80 % of all Wellss. [ 3 ] Basically, most portion of a well is suited for water-based fluid. This system dissolve natural clays. The base fluid can be fresh H2O, saltwater, seawater and saturated seawater which do less injury to the environment. Some habit-forming can be added into the base fluid in order to assist fluid-loss control or complete certain undertakings. After the surface shell is cemented, the operator can still utilize water-based fluid unless another certain demand is needed. For all of these advantages, water-based fluid is a dominant system used in on-shore rigs. The two wide classs of water-based fluid are non-dispersed systems and spread systems. Non-dispersed systems can be weighte d to 17.0 to 18.0 ppg and run at 350 Fahrenheit and higher. Dispersed systems are treated with chemical dispersants that are designed to deflocculate clay atoms to let improved rheology control in higher-density clay. [ 4 ] Drill-in fluid is the boring fluid after boring into a wage zone. The design of a drill-in fluid requires adequate cognition about the reservoir. It should make less or no harm to the reservoir stone and easy to clean up. Drill-in fluids are used widely in horizontal Wellss, where the wage zone is exposed to the boring fluid a long distance. Drill-in fluids can be water-based, brine-based, oil-based or synthetic-based. The pick of drill-in fluid is of import to the production of a well because one time the harm has been made to the formation, it is rarely possible to retrieve the status of wage zone to the initial status. Oil-based fluids were designed and developed to assist turn to several boring jobs: formation clays that react, swell, or slough after exposure to WBFs ; increasing downhole temperatures ; contaminations ; and lodge pipe and torsion and retarding force. [ 5 ] Oil-based fluid can stand higher temperature without interrupting down. Oil-based fluids besides has greater cleaning abilities with less viscousness. It is used to avoid the jobs which water-based fluid could has. The disadvantages of oil-based fluid are: 1. It is more expensive and more toxic than water-based boring fluids. 2. Film editings can non be separated from the fluid while boring. 3. Sing the environmental facet, oil-based fluid incorporating Diesel fuel may incorporate aromatic hydrocarbons which can do taint. Synthetic-based fluid is a fluid which the base fluid is man-made oil. It is designed to avoid environmental impacts. It is frequently used on seaward rigs or environmentally sensitive countries, because it has the belongingss of an oil-based clay, but the toxicity of the fluid exhausts are much less than an oil-based fluid. This is of import when work forces work with the fluid in an enclosed infinite such as an offshore boring rig. [ 6 ] Major types of synthetic-based boring fluids are:EstersPoly-alpha alkenesLinear ciao alkenesInternal alkenesLAO/PAO ( additive alpha olefin/poly-alpha alkenes ) [ 7 ]4. Additives Barite is a common used addictive to all systems. It is used to increase denseness of the system. Keeping a high pH by adding NaOH helps command H2S and CO2. Bacterias can be controlled by utilizing a microbiocide additive. 5. Decision Mud control is an of import portion of boring. A good boring fluid design can avoid a batch of work and supply a good status of the wage zone which can better the public presentation of the well. With the development of the engineering for horizontal Wellss, the design of boring fluid truly became a more of import procedure. Mentions: [ 1 ] Lake, Larry W.Petroleum Engineering Handbook. Richardson, TX: Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2006. Print. [ 2 ] Bloys, Ben, Neal Davis, Brad Smolen, Louise Bailey, Otto Houwen, Paul Reid, John Sherwood, Lindsay Fraser, and Mike Hodder. â€Å" Designing and Managing Drilling Fluid. †( Oilfield Review ) , Schlumberger. 1 Mar. 1994. Web. 12 Mar. 2015. & lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.slb.com/resources/publications/industry_articles/oilfield_review/1994/or19940403_drilling_fluid.aspx & gt ; . [ 3 ] Oilfield Market Report 2004. Spears & A ; Assoc. Inc. , Tulsa, Oklahoma, www.spearsresearch.com. [ 4 ] â€Å" Drilling Fluid Types. †Ã¢â‚¬â€œ. Web. 8 Mar. 2015. & lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //petrowiki.org/Drilling_fluid_types & gt ; . [ 5 ] Lake, Larry W.Petroleum Engineering Handbook. Richardson, TX: Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2006. Print. [ 6 ] â€Å" Drilling Fluids. †AES DRILLING FLUIDS, LLC. Web. 8 Mar. 2015. & lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.aesfluids.com/drilling_fluids.html & gt ; . [ 7 ] Meinhold, Anne.Model for a Comparative Environmental Assessment of Drilling Fluids. Washington, DC: United States. Office of the Assistant Secretary for Fossil Energy ; , 1998. Print.

Thursday, January 9, 2020

Native American Rights, Federal Government Plenary Power...

Native American Rights, Federal Government Plenary Power and Land Takings Abstract Native Americans are entitled to the same Constitutional protections that guard other citizens from federal government infringement. Plenary power and the accompanying seizure and use of indigenous land bases have violated the rights of Native Americans and demonstrated the inability of the federal government to manage Indian affairs. The United States should give ownership and control of original, non-privately owned land bases back to tribes. This course of action would end treaty violation, compensate tribes for land takings, prevent bureaucrats from implementing policies that obstruct the ability of Native Americans to participate in their†¦show more content†¦A policy of self-governance would end treaty violation, justly compensate tribes for land, prevent bureaucrats from obstructing the ability of Native Americans to participate in their religion, and prevent the serious cultural loss that may occur if the government continues to use Native American land for self-inte rested purposes. Arguments that these objectives are unattainable and unfounded do not hold up to analysis. Therefore, to provide a remedy for the ongoing infringement of Native American constitutional rights, Congress should both return non-privately owned land taken in violation of treaties and abolish federal plenary power over tribes, permitting greater self-governance. The Constitution provides clear Native American protection from governmental land confiscation in Article VI, Section 2. The relevant section states, †¦All Treaties made; or which shall be made, under the Authority of the United States, shall be the supreme Law of the Land(Farber [9]). The United States signed 371 treaties with Indian tribes between 1790 and 1870 (Churchill, Struggle for the Land 20). Treaties were made for a variety of purposes, such as mutual protection, peace, in support and regulation of trade with the Indians, to provide for military posts, [and] to wrest land from the NativesShow MoreRelatedThe Federal Common Law Interpretation1216 Words   |  5 Pagesthat tribal governments should have assumed or inherent adjudicatory power over non-members on tribal land. Indeed, most sources repeat the same arguments with different justifications. 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